Career and Organizational Counseling

Career and Organizational Counseling

The Prevalence of Workaholism among Hospital's Employees: The Role of Attachment to God and Workplace Spirituality

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors
Saeed Ariapooran 1
Mohammad Moradi 2
Mehrnoosh Gorji Chalsepari 3
1 Malayer University
2 Islamic Azad University of Arak
3 Ma in Psychology, Malayer University
10.29252/jcoc.11.3.9
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence of workaholism and the role of attachment to god and workplace spirituality in predicting the workaholism in hospital's employees. The research method was correlation. Statistic sample was 144 female and male employees in Azna's hospitals that selected by census method. The Short form of Workaholism scale, Short form of Attachment to God and Workplace Spirituality Scales were used for collecting the data. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Results indicated that the prevalence of workaholism in all employees, female and male were 9.76%, 11.3% and 10.42%, respectively. Results of Pearson correlation showed that the correlation of attachment to god and workplace spirituality with workaholism was negative, and according to regression results, attachment to god and workplace spirituality had negative role in predicting the workaholism. Results of MANCOVA with controlling the demographic variables revealed that the mean of attachment to god was higher in female than male and mean of workplace spirituality was higher in male than men; but there was no meaningful difference between female and male in mean of workaholism. According to results, the improvement of attachment to god and workplace spirituality by psychological training based on spirituality was suggested for hospital's employees for decreasing the workaholism.
Keywords
attachment to god
hospital's employees
workaholism
workplace spirituality
  1. جعفری، فاطمه. (1393). رابطه اعتیاد به کار با مشکلات خواب و خلق افسرده در پرستاران. پایان نامه کاشناسی ارشد روانشناسی بالینی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد همدان.
  2. زارعی متین، حسن.، و جمشیدی کهساری، حمزه .(1389). بررسی پدیده اعتیاد به کار در بین پرستاران ایران (تفاوت جنسیتی بین زن و مرد) مطالعه موردی: پرستاران شاغل در بیمارستان های استان مازندران. مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی، 8(21)،158-133.
  3. زین آبادی، حسن رضا.، یاسینی، علی.، و میرهادیان، لیلا. (1395). بررسی اثر رهبری خدمتگزار سرپرستاران بر رفتار شهروندی سازمانی پرستاران بیمارستان‌ های آموزشی شهر رشت: بررسی نقش میانجی معنویت در کار بیمارستان‌ های آموزشی شهر رشت. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام. ۲۴(۵)، ۱۵۱-۱۶۵.
  4. طلایی، علی.، محرری، فاطمه.، توکلی، فاطمه.، فردوسی‌مکان، امین.، و برهانی‌مغانی، مهدیه. (1392). رابطه ی باورهای اساسی دینی و سبک دلبستگی به خداوند با فرسودگی شغلی درکارکنان ستادی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد. اصول بهداشت روانی، 15(59)، 224-216.
  5. عبدالهی، بیژن.، کریمیان، حیدر.، و نامداری‌پژمان، مهدی. (1393). ارتباط تعهد سازمانی و معنویت در محیط کار با رفتار اخلاقی. فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فنّاوری، 9(4): 1-10.
  6. عرب، فاطمه.، رضایی‌راد، مجتبی.، و اسماعیلی‌نیا، کامبیز. (1394). بررسی رابطه اعتیاد به کار و سکوت سازمانی با فرسودگی شغلی کارکنان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران در سال 1393. مجله تحقیقات سلامت در جامعه، 1(4)، 21-27.
  7. عسکری، روح اله.، دولتیان، مرتضی.، منتظرالفرج، راضیه.، و فلاح‌زاده، (1394). بررسی رابطه بین معنویت سازمانی واعتیاد به کار در پرستاران بیمارستان های آموزشی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد در سال ۱۳۹۳. طلوع بهداشت یزد، 14(16)، 506-494.
  8. عسگری، آزاده.، و نوری، ابوالقاسم. (1390). بررسی رابطه اعتیاد به کار با ابعاد سلامت عمومی در کارکنان یک شرکت صنعتی در اصفهان. فصلنامه سلامت کار ایران، 8(2)، 31-38.
  9. عیسی‌خانی، احمد.، و برازنده، لاله. (1395). تأثیر حمایت اجتماعی بر رفاه کارکنان با میانجی گری اعتیاد به کار و تعلق خاطر کاری. پژوهش های مدیریت منابع انسانی دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع). 8(3)، 83-108.
  10. غباری بناب، باقر.، و حدادی کوهسار، علی اکبر. (1390). دلبستگی به خدا در بافت فرهنگ اسلامی: پایه‌های نظری، ساخت و رواسازی ابزار اندازه گیری. فصلنامه روشها و مدلهای روان شناختی، 1 (4)،81-106.
  11. فرهنگی، علی‌ابکبر.، فتاحی، مهدی.، و واثق، بهاره. (1385). معنویت در محیط کار و نقش آن در بهبود رفتار شهروندی سازمانی. نشریه مدیریت فرهنگ سازمانی،4(3)،5-36.
  12. کشته‌گر، عبدالعلی.، جودزاده، مهتا.، فردین، مرضیه.، و راشکی‌قلعه‌نو، مهین. (1393). بررسی تأثیر فرسودگی شغلی و اعتیاد به کار بر تعهد سازمانی. پژوهشهای مدیریت عمومی. 7(25)، 167-188.
  13. گودرزی، مسعود.، و کریمی‌اراضی، زهرا. (1391). رابطه معنویت در کار و تعهد سازمانی به عنوان نگرش شغلی در دانشگاه. فصلنامه روانشناسی تحلیلی شناختی، 3(10)، 51-58.
  14. مهاجران، بهناز.، و شهودی، مریم. (1393). مدل‌یابی ارتباط بین اخلاق حرفه‌ای و معنویت در کار با مسؤولیت اجتماعی در میان پرستاران بیمارستان‌های دولتی شهر کرمانشاه. فصلنامه مدیریت پرستاری. ۳ (۲)، ۲۰-۲۹.
  15. ناستی زایی، ناصر.، سلیمی، سمانه.، و نجفی، معصومه. (1394). سنجش رابطه بین معنویت در کار و تعهدسازمانی کارکنان اداری دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زاهدان. طلوع بهداشت، ۱۴(۲)، ۷۹-۸۹.
  16. Andreassen, C. S, Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., Kravina, L., Jensen, F., & Pallesen, S. (2014). The Prevalence of Workaholism: A Survey Study in a Nationally Representative Sample of Norwegian Employees. PLoS ONE, 9(8): e102446.
  17. Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J., Molde, H., & Pallesen, S. (2011) “Workaholism” and potential outcomes in well-being and health in a cross-occupational sample. Stress and Health, 27(3), e209-e214.
  18. Ariapooran, S. (in press). Sleep Problems and Depression in Iranian nurses: The Predictive Role of Workaholism. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research. In press.
  19. Ashmos, P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: a conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.
  20. Bartczak, M., & Ogińska-Bulik, N. (2012). Workaholism and Mental Health Among Polish Academic Workers. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 18(1), 3-13.
  21. Belavich, T. G., & Pargament, K. I. (2002). The role of attachment in predicting spiritual coping with a loved one in surgery. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 13-29.
  22. Braam Rust, A. A., & Cecilia Gabriels, C. E. (2011). Spirituality in the workplace: Awareness of the human resources function. African Journal of Business Management, 5(4), 1353-1364.
  23. Bradshaw, M., Ellison, C. G., & Marcum, J. P. (2010). Attachment to God, Images of God, and Psychological Distress in a Nationwide Sample of Presbyterians. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. 20(2): 130–147.
  24. Brady, B. R., Vodanovich, S. J., & Rotunda, R. (2008). The Impact of workaholism on Work-Family Conflict, Job Satisfaction, and Perception of Leisure Activities. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 11(2), 241–263.
  25. Burke, R. G. (1999). Workaholism in Organizations: Gender Differences. Sex Roles, 41(5-6): 333–345.
  26. Burke, R. J. (2004). Workaholism, self-esteem, and motives for money. Psychological Reports 94(2), 457-463.
  27. Cassibba, R., Papagna, S., Calabrese, M. T., Costantino, E., Paterno, A., & Granqvist, P. (2014). The role of attachment to God in secular and religious/spiritual ways of coping with a serious disease. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(3), 252-261.
  28. Del Libano, M., Llorens, L., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2010). Validity of a brief workaholism scale. Psicothema, 22(1),143-150.
  29. Delbecq, L. A. (1999). Christian spirituality and contemporary business leadership. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(4), 345-349.
  30. Fountoulakis, K, N. Siamouli, M. Magiria & S. Kaprinis, G. (2008). Late-Life depression, religiosity, cerebral vascular disease. Cognitive impairment and attitudes towards death in the elderly: Interpreting the data. Medical hypotheses, 70(3), 493-496.
  31. Freshman, B. (1999). An exploratory analysis of definitions and applications of Spirituality in the workplace. Organizational Change Management, 12(4), 318-327.
  32. Fujimoto, T. (2014). Workaholism and mental and physical health. Japan labor review. 11 (1): 50-67.
  33. George, A. P., & Joji Alex, N. (2013). Impact of Workplace Spirituality on Corporate Financial Performance. Indian Journal of Management, 6(9): 5-15.
  34. Gibbons P. (2000). Spirituality at work: Definitions, measures, assumptions, and validity claims. Work and Spirit: A Reader of New Spiritual Paradigms for Organizations. University of Scranton Press, Scranton, PA, pp.111-131.
  35. Graves, L. M., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Weber, T. J. (2012). Driven to work and enjoyment of work: Effects on managers’ outcomes. Journal of Management, 38(5),1655-1680.
  36. Hamermesh, D. S., & Slemrod, J. (2005) The economics of workaholism: We should not have worked on this paper. National Bureau of Econonic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: NBER.
  37. Hogan, V., M. Hogan, M., & Hodgins, M. (2016). A study of workaholism in Irish academics. Occupational Medicine, 66(6),460–465.
  38. Holland, D. W. (2008). Work addiction: Costs and solutions for individuals, relationships and organizations. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 22(4), 1-15.
  39. Johnson, M. K. (2017). The influence of workplace spirituality on work stress in higher education employees. Unpublished Thesis Dissertation in Educational Leadership and Management. Drexel University.
  40. Kent, B. V. (2017). Attachment to God, religious tradition, and firm attributes in workplace commitment. Journal of Social psychology. 157(4):485-501.
  41. Kent, B. V., Bradshaw, M., & Dougherty, K. D. (2016). Attachment to God, Vocational Calling, and Worker Contentment. Review of Religious Research, 58 (3), 343–364.
  42. Kezdy, A., Martos, T., & Robu, M. (2013). God image, and attachment to God in work addiction risk. Studia Psychologica, 55(3), 209-214.
  43. Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1999). Attachment and religious representations and behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 803-822). New York: Guilford.
  44. Kubota, K., Shimazu, A., Kawakami, N., Takahashi, M., Nakata, A., Schaufeli, W.B. (2010) Association between workaholism and sleep problems among hospital nurses. Industrial Health, 48(6), 864-871.
  45. Kubota, K., Shimazu, A., Kawakami, N., Takahashi, M., Nakata, A., & Schaufeli, WB. (2011). The Empirical Distinctiveness of Work Engagement and Workaholism among Hospital Nurses in Japan: The effect on Sleep Quality and Job Performance. Ciencia & Trabajo, 13(41), 152-157.
  46. Lazar, A. (2010). Spirituality and job satisfaction among female Jewish Israeli hospital nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66(2), 334–344.
  47. Lazar, A., Davidovitch, N., & Coren, G. (2016). Gender Differences in Calling and Work Spirituality among Israeli Academic Faculty. Journal of International Education Research, 12 (3), 87-98.
  48. MacLaren, V. V., & Best, L. A. (2010). Multiple addictive behaviors in young adults: Student norms for the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors, 35(3), 252-255.
  49. Marques, J., Dhiman, S., & King, R. (2005). Spirituality in the workplace: Developing an Integral model and a Comprehencive Definition. The Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 7(1), 81-91.
  50. Matuska, K. M. (2010). Workaholism, life balance, and well-being: A comparative analysis. Journal of Occupational Science, 17(2), 104–111.
  51. McMillan, L. H. W., O’Driscoll, M. P., Burke, R. J. (2003). Workaholism: A review of theory, research and future directions. In Cooper CL, Robertson IT, eds. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 18,167-89.
  52. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Fergosen, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes: an exploratory empirical assessmsnt. Journal of change management, 16(4), 426-447.
  53. Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attiudes(An exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 4(16), 427-447.
  54. Norouzi, R., Dargahi, S., Aeyadi, N., & Sarhaddi, M. (2018). The association between workplace spirituality and Job Stress with occupational ethics through mediating role of Job Enthusiasm among nurses in Zahedan City, 2017. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology, 7(1), 3-10.
  55. Nosrati, F., Ghobari Bonab, B., Rabiee, A. A., Pourkarimi, J., & Dousti, M. (2017). Gender Differences in Quality of Attachment to God, Forgiveness, Altruism, and Mental Health in College and Seminary School Students. Cultural and Religious Studies, 5(2), 70-84.
  56. Okozi, I. F. (2010). Attachment to God: Its Impact on the Psychological Wellbeing of Persons with Religious Vocation. Seton Hall University Dissertations and Theses (ETDs). 302. http://scholarship.shu.edu/dissertations/302.
  57. Pawar, B. S. (2009). Individual spirituality, workplace spirituality and work attitude: An empirical test of direct and interactioneffects. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(8), 759-777.
  58. Pedreira, L., & Monico, L. (2013). Workaholism and psychological capital: Repercussions on workplace spirituality. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology, 2(1), 535-544.
  59. Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2006). Sex differences in the effect of education on depression: Resource multiplication or resource substitution? Social Science & Medicine, 63(5), 1400-1413.
  60. Rowatt, W. C., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2002). Two dimensions of attachment to God and their relation to affect, religiosity, and personality constructs. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(4), 637-651.
  61. Saxton, M. A. (2016). Workplace spirituality, workaholism, and gender: A quantitative study of higher education employees at a small, private college in the northeastern United States. Unpublished Master dissertation. Capella University.
  62. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T.W., Rhenen, W. V. (2008). Workaholism, burnout and engagement: One of a kind or three different kinds of employee well-being? Applied Psychology, 57(2),173-203.
  63. Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. (2006). Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide: On the differences between work engagement and workaholism. In R. Burke (Ed.): Research companion to working time and work addiction (pp. 193-217). Edward Elgar: Northampton, MA.
  64. Seybold, K. C., & Salomone, P. R. (1994). Understanding workaholism: A review of causes and counseling approaches. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73(1), 4-10.
  65. Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B, Taris, T. W. (2010). How does workaholism affect worker health and performance? The mediating role of coping. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(2), 154-160.
  66. Shimazu, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47(5), 495-502.
  67. Sim, T. N., & Loh, B. S. M. (2003). Attachment to God: Measurement and dynamics. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(3), 373-389.
  68. Simpson, J. A. (2002). The ultimate elixir? Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 226-229.
  69. Smith, A. L. (2011). Gender and Workaholism: A Study of New Zealand Academics. Unpublished M. A dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington.
  70. Spence, J. T., & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: definition, measurement, and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1),160-178.
  71. Sussman, S. (2012). Workaholism: A review. Journal of Addiction Research and Theory, 6(1), 4120-4137.
  72. Sussman, S., Arpawong, T. E. M., Sun, P., Tsai, J., Rohrbach, L. A., & Sprutjt-Metz, D. (2014). Prevalence and co-occurrence of addictive behaviors among former alternative high school youth. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 33-40.
  73. Tung, E. S., Ruffing, E. G., Paine, D. R., Jankowski, P. J., & Sandage, S. J. (2018). Attachment to God as mediator of the relationship between God Representations and mental health. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 20(2), 95-113.
  74. Van den Broeck, A., Schreurs, B., De Witte, H., Vansteenkiste, M., Germeys, F., & Schaufeli, W. (2011). Understanding Workaholics’ Motivations: A Self-Determination Perspective. Applied Psychology, 60(4), 600–621.
  75. Villella, C., Martinotti, G., Di Nicola, M., Cassano, M., La Torre, G., Gliubizzi, M.D. et al. (2011). Behavioural addictions in adolescents and young adults: Results from a prevalence study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(2), 203-214.
  76. Wanger, M. F. & Conley, J. (1999). The fourth wave: the spirituality-based firm. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(4), 292-301.