The nascent academic entrepreneurship pathway: contextual analysis and discovery of processes and mechanisms of knowledge-based companies in Isfahan

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 Associate professor, university of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Phd student counseling, university of Isfahan,. Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the context to identify the processes and mechanisms of the nascent academic entrepreneurship path in knowledge-based companies in Isfahan, to provide a paradigm model of the nascent academic entrepreneurship path. Method: The qualitative research method is grounded theory and in-depth and unstructured interviews were conducted with 15 academic entrepreneur in 15 knowledge-based companies in a Purposive sampling and the snowball technique. Data were analyzed at three levels of open, axial, and selective coding. Results: Data analysis showed that the nascent academic entrepreneurship path includes 64 sub-categories, 16 categories, and 2 core categories. The subcategories include: Scientific Orientation, Opportunistic Perspective, Financial Productivity, Action Value, hardness, Flexibility, calling, affection Capability, Process Growth, Creating Support, Specialism, Excitement, Functional Capability, Inquisition, Creativity, and Foundationalism. The core categories include Indexism and Empowerment. Conclusion: The nascent pathway to academic entrepreneurship starts from the family background and early work experiences in childhood. The role of causal factors causes concern in the individual, which the positive effects of intervention factors such as scientific orientation intensify the role of these causal factors. Eventually, people are attracted to the academic entrepreneurship pathway and work in it using appropriate strategies. What people experience at the end of the pathway is post-entrepreneurial growth in both personal and professional dimensis

Keywords


Abreu, M., & Grinevich, V. (2013). The nature of academic entrepreneurship in the UK: Widening the focus on entrepreneurial activities. Research Policy, 42(2), 408-422.
Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, B. (2012). Growth and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 289-300.
Aldridge, T. T., & Audretsch, D. B. (2011). The Bayh-Dole Act and scientist entrepreneurship. Research Policy, 40(5), 1058–1067.
Audretsch, D. B. (2014). From the entrepreneurial university to the university for the entrepreneurial society. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(3), 313-321.
Bercovitz, J., & Feldman, M. (2008). Academic entrepreneurs: Organizational change at the individual level. Organization science, 19(1), 69-89.
Bernoster, I., Rietveld, C. A., Thurik, A. R., & Torrès, O. (2018). Overconfidence, optimism and entrepreneurship. Sustainability, 10(7), 2233.
Bullough, A., & Renko, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times. Business Horizons56(3), 343-350.
Burton, M. D., Sørensen, J. B., & Dobrev, S. D. (2016). A careers perspective on entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 40(2), 237-247.
Chen, J., & Zhu, X. (2008). A research on the relationship between academic entrepreneurs and enterprise performance: A three-dimension model. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 2(2), 155-169.
Cheng, Z., Guo, W., Hayward, M., Smyth, R., & Wang, H. (2021). Childhood adversity and the propensity for entrepreneurship: A quasi-experimental study of the Great Chinese Famine. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(1), 106063.
Christianti, M., Cholimah, N., & Suprayitno, B. (2015). Development of entrepreneurship learning model for early childhood. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(3), 65-70.
Clarysse, B., Tartari, V., & Salter, A. (2011). The impact of entrepreneurial capacity, experience and organizational support on academic entrepreneurship. Research policy40(8), 1084-1093.
Collins, C. J., Hanges, P. J., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behavior: A meta-analysis. Human performance17(1), 95-117.
Crilly, N. (2018). ‘Fixation’and ‘the pivot’: balancing persistence with flexibility in design and entrepreneurship. International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation6(1-2), 52-65.
Cross, R., Baker, W., & Parker, A. (2003). What creates energy in organizations? MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(4), 51–57.
Da Palma, P. J., Lopes, M. P., & Alves, T. F. (2018). Entrepreneurship as a calling: A pilot study with aspiring entrepreneurs. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 27(2), 277-300.
Davidsson, P., Delmar, F., & Wiklund, J. (2006). Entrepreneurship as growth; growth as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and the Growth of Firms, 1(2), 21-38.
Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of business venturing, 18(3), 301-331.
Diánez-González, J. P., & Camelo-Ordaz, C. (2019). The influence of the structure of social networks on academic spin-offs’ entrepreneurial orientation. Industrial Marketing Management, 80, 84-98.
Drennan, J., Kennedy, J., & Renfrow, P. (2005). Impact of childhood experiences on the development of entrepreneurial intentions. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(4), 231-238.
Entrialgo, M., Fernandez, E., & Vazquez, C. J. (2000). Linking entrepreneurship and strategic management: evidence from Spanish SMEs. Technovation, 20(8), 427-436.
Fisher, R., Maritz, A., & Lobo, A. (2016). Does individual resilience influence entrepreneurial success. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 22(2), 39-53.
Fritsch, M., & Krabel, S. (2012). Ready to leave the ivory tower?: Academic scientists’ appeal to work in the private sector. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 37(3), 271-296.
Goethner, M., Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Cantner, U. (2012). Scientists’ transition to academic entrepreneurship: Economic and psychological determinants. Journal of economic psychology33(3), 628-641.
Gulbrandsen, M., Smeby, J. C., (2005). Industry funding and university professors’ research performance. Research Policy, 34 (6), 932-950.
Guo, F., Restubog, S. L. D., Cui, L., Zou, B., & Choi, Y. (2019). What determines the entrepreneurial success of academics? Navigating multiple social identities in the hybrid career of academic entrepreneurs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 241-254.
Hayter, C. S. (2016). Constraining entrepreneurial development: A knowledge-based view of social networks among academic entrepreneurs. Research Policy, 45(2), 475-490.
Holley, A. C., & Watson, J. (2017). Academic entrepreneurial behavior: birds of more than one feather. Technovation, 64, 50-57.
Jain, S., George, G., & Maltarich, M. (2009). Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity. Research policy, 38(6), 922-935.
Kalar, B., & Antoncic, B. (2015). The entrepreneurial university, academic activities and technology and knowledge transfer in four European countries. Technovation, 36, 1-11.
Kanonuhwa, M., Rungani, E. C., & Chimucheka, T. (2018). The association between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship as a career choice: A study on university students in South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(1), 1-9.
Khatoon, N. U. Z. H. A. T. H. (2013). The impact of emotional intelligence on the growth of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Business Management and Research, 3(3), 1-8.
KritiKoS, A. S. (2014). Entrepreneurs and their impact on jobs and economic growth. IZA World of Labor. 8, 1-11.
Kurgun, H., Bagiran, D., Ozeren, E., & Maral, B. (2011). Entrepreneurial marketing-The interface between marketing and entrepreneurship: A qualitative research on boutique hotels. European Journal of Social Sciences, 26(3), 340-357.
Kusmintarti, A., Thoyib, A., Ashar, K., & Maskie, G. (2014). The relationships among entrepreneurial characteristics, entrepreneurial attitude, and entrepreneurial intention. IOSR Journal of Business and Management16(6), 25-32.
Lam, A. (2011). What motivates academic scientists to engage in research commercialization:‘Gold’,‘ribbon’or ‘puzzle’?. Research policy, 40(10), 1354-1368.
Lacetera, N. (2009). Academic entrepreneurship. Managerial and Decision Economics, 30(7), 443–464.
Lam, W., & Harker, M. J. (2015). Marketing and entrepreneurship: An integrated view from the entrepreneur’s perspective. International Small Business Journal, 33(3), 321-348.
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(3), 593–617.
Lockett, A., Siegel, D., Wright, M., & Ensley, M. D. (2005). The creation of spin-off firms at public research institutions: Managerial and policy implications. Research policy, 34(7), 981-993.
Lopes, M. P., Cunha, M. P., & Palma, P. J. (2009). Case studies on what entrepreneurs actually do to attract resources: A two-route framework. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17(3), 323–349.
Mangundjaya, W. H. (2009). The relationship of resilience and entrepreneurial intentions. In PROCEEDINGS of INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP CONGRESS 2009:“SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP” OCTOBER, 14-15-16, 2009 (p. 199).
Martin, B. R. (2012). Are universities and university research under threat? Towards an evolutionary model of university speciation. Cambridge journal of economics, 36(3), 543-565.
Martina, K., Hana, U., & Jiri, F. (2012). Identification of managerial competencies in knowledge-based organizations. Journal of competitiveness, 4(1), 129-142.
Miller, K., Alexander, A. T., Cunningham, J., & Albats, E. (2018). Entrepreneurial academics and academic entrepreneurs: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Technology Management.
Miranda, F. J., Chamorro-Mera, A., & Rubio, S. (2017). Academic entrepreneurship in Spanish universities: An analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurial intention. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(2), 113-122.
McKenna, B., Zacher, H., Ardabili, F. S., & Mohebbi, H. (2016). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale—Iran Form: Psychometric properties and relationships with career satisfaction and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior93, 81-91.
Moreland, N. (2006). Entrepreneurship and higher education: an employability perspective (Vol. 6). York: Higher Education Academy.
Morrow, R. (2006). Hope, entrepreneurship and foresight, Regional frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Compilation of papers of the third AGSE international entrepreneurship research exchange [CD]. Melbourne: Swinburne University, 606-618.
Mosey, S., & Wright, M. (2007). From human capital to social capital: A longitudinal study of technology–based academic entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(6), 909-935.
Nga, J. K. H., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of business ethics, 95(2), 259-282.
Nielsen, K. (2015). Human capital and new venture performance: the industry choice and performance of academic entrepreneurs. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(3), 453-474.
Ozgul, U., & Kunday, O. (2015). Conceptual development of academic entrepreneurial intentions scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 881-887.
Parker, S. C. (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship. Cambridge university press, Cambridge.
Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2009). Strategic entrepreneurship at universities: Academic entrepreneurs’ assessment of policy programs. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 33(1), 319-340.
Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5-6), 332-347.
Putta, S. S. (2014). Improving entrepreneur's management skills through entrepreneurship training. Journal of Commerce and Management Thought, 5(3), 459.
Rahim, N. A., Mohamed, Z. B., & Amrin, A. (2015). Commercialization of emerging technology: the role of academic entrepreneur. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169, 53-60.
Ratzinger, D., Amess, K., Greenman, A., & Mosey, S. (2018). The impact of digital start-up founders’ higher education on reaching equity investment milestones. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 43(3), 760-778.
Reynolds, P. D., & Curtin, R. T. (2008). Business creation in the United States: Panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics II initial assessment (Vol. 16). Now Publishers Inc.
Rundh, B. (2011). Linking flexibility and entrepreneurship to the performances of SMEs in export markets. Journal of manufacturing technology management. 22(3), 330-347. 
Postigo, S. (2002). Entrepreneurship Education in Argentina the Case of Sananders University. In Proceedings of the Conference Entitled the internationalizing in Entrepreneur ship Education and Training , Malaysia
Shane, S., Locke, E. A., & Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human resource management review, 13(2), 257-279.
Shaver, K. G., Williams, S. L., & Scott, L. R. (2009). Entrepreneurial beliefs, creativity, and risk-taking: Personality or situation. Unpublished manuscript. College of William & Mary.
Shir, N., Nikolaev, B. N., & Wincent, J. (2019). Entrepreneurship and well-being: The role of psychological autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Journal of Business Venturing34(5), 105875.
Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 566–591.
Stuart, T. E., & Ding, W. W. (2006). When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences. American journal of sociology, 112(1), 97-144.
Sujarwoto, S. (2020). Examining entrepreneurship and the big five personality traits in an Indonesian context. In Developing the Workforce in an Emerging Economy (pp. 98-109). Routledge.
Timmons, J. A., Spinelli, S., & Tan, Y. (2004). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century (Vol. 6). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Tolentino, L. R., Sedoglavich, V., Lu, V. N., Garcia, P. R. J. M., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2014). The role of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Vocational Behavior85(3), 403-412.
Toniolo, K., Masiero, E., Massaro, M., & Bagnoli, C. (2020). A grounded theory study for digital academic entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
Walter, S. G., Schmidt, A., & Walter, A. (2016). Patenting rationales of academic entrepreneurs in weak and strong organizational regimes. Research Policy, 45(2), 533-545.
Webb, J. W., Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., Kistruck, G. M., & Tihanyi, L. (2011). Where is the opportunity without the customer? An integration of marketing activities, the entrepreneurship process, and institutional theory. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(4), 537-554.
Zahra, A., Nouri, F., & Imanipour, N. (2014). Explaining the role of managerial skills of entrepreneurship in business success. International Journal of Management Sciences, 4(1), 42-52.
Zampetakis, L. A., Lerakis, M., Kafetsios, K., & Moustakis, V. (2015). Investigating the emotional impact of entrepreneurship programs. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 4, 38-41.
Zanakis, S. H., Renko, M., & Bullough, A. (2012). Nascent entrepreneurs and the transition to entrepreneurship: Why do people start new businesses?. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 17(01), 1250001.